Network switch with a parallel shared memory

ABSTRACT

A network switch includes an input layer to receive a data stream with a set of cells. Each cell includes data and a header to designate a destination device. The input layer includes a set of input layer circuits. A selected input layer circuit of the set of input layer circuits receives the data stream. The selected input layer circuit includes a set of queues corresponding to a set of destination devices. The selected input layer circuit is configured to assign a selected cell from the data stream to a selected queue of the set of queues. The selected queue corresponds to a selected destination device specified by the header of the selected cell. An intermediate layer includes a set of intermediate layer circuits, each intermediate layer circuit has a set of buffers corresponding to the set of destination devices. A selected intermediate layer circuit of the set of intermediate layer circuits receives the selected cell and assigns the selected cell to a selected buffer corresponding to the selected destination device. An output layer includes a set of output layer circuits corresponding to the set of destination devices. A selected output layer circuit of the set of output layer circuits stores the selected cell prior to routing the selected cell to a selected output layer circuit output node.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates generally to high bandwidth data communications through computer networks. More particularly, this invention relates to an output queued switch with a parallel shared memory.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] As computer network traffic increases, there are ongoing demands for improved network communication and switching. The advent of optical communication links has accelerated the need for ultra-fast network switching technologies.

[0003] There are many switching fabrics available in the market today that can provide switching bandwidth from 250 Gbps to 512 Gbps. Most of these switching fabrics are crossbar architectures that can scale up to a couple of Tbps. Unfortunately, it is difficult to obtain bandwidths higher than this in view of the complexity associated with a centralized arbitration and scheduling algorithm. Furthermore, implementations of conventional crossbar architectures require relatively large chip counts, resulting in relatively expensive systems. While packet switch techniques have been suggested, proposed designs have not been sufficiently robust to accommodate high-speed requirements.

[0004] In view of the foregoing, it would be highly desirable to provide an improved switching fabric. In particular, it would be highly desirable to provide a switching fabric that is readily scalable with relatively low chip counts to achieve high Tbps speeds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The invention includes a network switch apparatus with an input layer to receive a data stream containing a set of cells. Each cell includes data and a header to designate a destination device. The input layer includes a set of input layer circuits. A selected input layer circuit of the set of input layer circuits receives the data stream. The selected input layer circuit includes a set of queues corresponding to a set of destination devices. The selected input layer circuit is configured to assign a selected cell from the data stream to a selected queue of the set of queues. The selected queue corresponds to a selected destination device specified by the header of the selected cell. An intermediate layer includes a set of intermediate layer circuits, each intermediate layer circuit has a set of buffers corresponding to the set of destination devices. A selected intermediate layer circuit of the set of intermediate layer circuits receives the selected cell and assigns the selected cell to a selected buffer corresponding to the selected destination device. An output layer includes a set of output layer circuits corresponding to the set of destination devices. A selected output layer circuit of the set of output layer circuits stores the selected cell prior to routing the selected cell to a selected output layer circuit output node.

[0006] The invention also includes a method of routing network traffic. The method includes receiving a data stream with a set of cells, each cell including data and a header to designate a destination device. A selected cell of the set of cells is assigned to a selected queue of a set of queues within an input layer circuit. The selected cell specifies a selected destination device. The selected queue corresponds to the selected destination device. The selected cell is routed to a selected intermediate layer circuit within a set of intermediate layer circuits. The selected intermediate layer circuit includes a set of buffers corresponding to a set of destination devices. The selected intermediate layer circuit assigns the selected cell to a selected buffer of the set of buffers. The selected buffer corresponds to the selected destination device. The selected cell is then sent to a selected output layer circuit within a set of output layer circuits. The selected output layer circuit corresponds to the selected destination device. The selected output layer circuit stores the selected cell prior to delivering the selected cell to an output node.

[0007] Advantages of the invention include high speed, versatility, high efficiency and a relatively low chip count. Additionally, the invention includes optional features, such as Quality of Service, fault tolerance and the ability to manage a number of different communication protocols, including Internet Protocol (IP), Time-Division Multiplexed (TDM), Asynchronous Transport Mode (ATM) and others.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0008] The invention is described with reference to the Figures, in which:

[0009]FIG. 1 illustrates a switch according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0010]FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary data cell that is processed in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

[0011]FIG. 3 illustrates an input layer circuit according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0012]FIG. 4 illustrates an intermediate layer circuit according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0013]FIG. 5 illustrates an output layer circuit according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0014]FIG. 6 illustrates an integrated circuit for use in the switch of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0015]FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing operation of the switch according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0016]FIG. 8 is a dataflow diagram showing the operation of an embodiment of the invention.

[0017]FIG. 9 is a data diagram showing data cells as sent to the intermediate layers for each master frame according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0018]FIG. 10 is a dataflow diagram showing the operation of an embodiment of the invention.

[0019]FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of the invention wherein the input layer and output layer are distributed across a set of shared modules.

[0020] Identical reference numbers in the figures refer to identical elements in the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0021] The invention is described with reference to specific architectures and protocols. This description is for illustration and to otherwise demonstrate a mode of practicing the invention. This description is not meant to be limiting. For example, reference is made to Internet Protocol, but any packet protocol is applicable. Moreover, reference is made to chips that contain integrated circuits, while other hybrid or meta-circuits combining those described in chip form are also contemplated. The exemplary embodiment is provided for a switch where N is 48, but could be any other number consistent with switch technology (e.g., 64).

[0022]FIG. 1 depicts a network switch 100 according to an embodiment of the invention. The switch 100 includes an input layer 110 that is configured to receive data at the input ports 112 a-112 n. The data may be in the form of a cell, which is a fixed sized data segment. The data may also be in the form of a packet, which is a variable sized data segment containing many cells. The switch 100 is coupled to line cards in a router. In particular, the input ports 112 a-112 n are connected to one or more line cards. By way of example, the line cards receive packet data from a number of external sources. The input layer 110 is made up of a number of input layer circuits 114 a-114 n. The input layer circuits 114 a-114 n are each respectively coupled to the input ports 112 a-112 n.

[0023] Each input port 112 receives a serial stream of cells. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary cell 210, which includes a header 220 and a payload 230. The header 220 includes attributes of the payload, including the destination port of the switch that the data is intended for and other information. In an exemplary embodiment, the attributes include packet identification, error correction coding, protocol type (i.e., IP, TDM, ATM), and the like. In some aspects of the invention, the attributes include features, such as priority, Quality of Service (QoS), unicast and broadcast, error conditions, and the like.

[0024]FIG. 3 illustrates the internal structure of an exemplary input layer circuit 114. The input layer circuit 114 receives a data packet at its input port 112. A sorting circuit 312 processes the cell header of the data packet by decoding its destination. The sorting circuit 312 may be implemented using conventional techniques.

[0025] The input layer circuit 114 includes a set of queues 314 a-314 n. Each queue corresponds to an output destination port. Thus, if there are N output destination ports, N queues are required. Observe that queue 314 a corresponds to a first output destination port, queue 314 b corresponds to a second output destination port, and so forth. Preferably, each queue 314 holds at least N cells, where N is the number of output destination ports.

[0026] As cells are received, the queues 314 a-314 n are progressively filled. When a queue is full, the queue is transferred to a transposer circuit 316. The transposer circuit receives a serial stream of data packets from a queue 314 and transposes the data packets into a set of parallel data packets that are applied to output ports 318 a-318 n of the input layer circuit 114. Observe that the input layer circuit 114 receives a serial stream of input data packets and produces a set of parallel output data packets. Each parallel output data packet originates from a single queue, which is used to store data packets intended for a single destination. As discussed below, the parallel output data packets are distributed across a parallel shared memory, which operates to balance the load of incoming data. The parallel output data packets are distributed across the parallel shared memory in regions of the parallel shared memory intended for a single destination, as demonstrated below.

[0027] In one embodiment of the invention there are 48 separate queues 114, wherein each queue 114 holds 48 data packets. Full queues are serviced in a round robin manner, as tracked by the scheduler 320. Preferably, the scheduler 320 periodically services non-full queues to avoid unreasonable delays.

[0028] Returning to FIG. 1, the data packets from the input layer 110 are delivered, in parallel, to the intermediate layer 120. Like the input layer 110, the intermediate layer 120 is made up of a number of circuits 124 a-124 n, referred to as intermediate layer circuits.

[0029]FIG. 4 depicts the internal structure of an intermediate layer circuit 124. The circuit 124 includes N input terminals 410 a-410 n coupled to a sorting circuit 412 that is configured to sort the incoming data cells by destination. The sorting circuit 412 is similar to that of the input layer sorting circuit 312. The intermediate layer circuit 124 also includes N buffers 414 a-414 n to store the incoming data cells. Each buffer 414 has a corresponding output destination. That is, each buffer 414 stores data packets for a single output port. For example, cells destined for output port 1 are stored in buffer 414 a, cells destined for output port 2 are stored in buffer 414 b and cells destined for output port N are stored in buffer 414 n. The buffers 414 a-414 n are progressively filled as cells are sorted by the sorting circuit 412. However, the buffers 414 a-414 n differ from the input layer queues in a number of important ways.

[0030] First, cells are released from the buffers 414 a-414 n on a continuous basis. That is, unlike the input layer queue which only releases cells after a queue is filled, the buffers 414 do not wait until they are filled before sending out cells. This ongoing release of cells is not arbitrated or otherwise subject to a centralized control mechanism.

[0031] A second distinguishing feature between the input layer and the intermediate layer is that the intermediate layer circuits do not have transposer circuits. Transposer circuits are not required since the buffers 414 are coupled to terminals that send cells to the output layer as needed.

[0032] A third distinguishing feature between the input layer and the intermediate layer is that the input layer circuits have a serial input node and N parallel output nodes, while the intermediate layer circuits have N parallel input nodes and N parallel output nodes.

[0033] One embodiment of the invention has 48 buffers 414. The scheduler 420 is used to release cells from the buffers 414 as they arrive. There is no communication between the individual intermediate layer circuits 124. Instead, each intermediate layer circuit 124 observes a strict timing protocol, as discussed below.

[0034] Returning to FIG. 1, the switch 100 also includes an output layer 130. Like the other layers, the output layer 130 is made up of a number of circuits 134 a-134 n. FIG. 5 depicts the internal structure of an output layer circuit 134. The circuit includes N input terminals 510 a-510 n coupled to a transposer circuit 512, which is configured to transpose into a serial data stream data cells received on the N input terminals. Since the output circuit 134 can receive N cells in parallel, the transposer circuit 512 transposes the parallel cells into an N-deep queue 514 so that the cells can be transferred to the destination output port 516 in a serial fashion. This is performed at the direction of a circuit scheduler 520.

[0035]FIG. 6 shows an exemplary integrated circuit 610 for use in the switch 100. Since the architectures of the input layer circuits, intermediate layer circuits and output layer circuits are similar, one aspect of the invention is that the same integrated circuit may be used in each of the layers. The control logic associated with the circuit for that particular layer is enabled and the control logic not associated with the circuit is disabled. The chip 610 includes input layer logic 620, intermediate layer logic 630 and output layer logic 640. The chip also includes a RAM 650 that is controlled by the enabled logic. The RAM 650 is configured to form queues 314, 414 and 514, as shown above. The circuit 610 may be used to implement an input layer by activating the input module logic 620, while deactivating the intermediate module logic 630 and the output module logic 640. Similarly, the circuit 610 may be used to implement an intermediate layer by activating the intermediate module logic 630, while deactivating the input module logic 620 and the output module logic 640. Finally, the circuit 610 may be used to implement an output layer by activating the output module logic 640, while deactivating the input module logic 620 and the intermediate module logic 630. Advantageously, this feature allows the invention to be implemented with a single chip architecture.

[0036]FIG. 7 is a flowchart 700 showing operation of the switch 100 according to an embodiment of the invention. An explanation is provided in conjunction with FIG. 8, which is a dataflow diagram showing operation of the switch according to an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 9 illustrates a data diagram showing data cells as sent to the intermediate layers for each master frame in a round robin technique, as discussed in connection with FIG. 7.

[0037] The first processing step associated with FIG. 7 is to receive cells at an input port (step 710). For example, a given port 112 a receives cells C1-CN that are destined for output port 132 a. In step 712, the sorter circuit 312 decodes the cell header and determines that the cells are destined for output port 132 a. The sorter circuit 312 stores the cells C1-CN in the input queue 314 a, as shown in FIG. 8. In step 716, the input circuit checks the queues to determine if any of them are full, and as an additional possibility, whether the data in any queue is older than a predetermined threshold. This operation may be performed by the scheduler 320. In the case of a non-full queue that is to be serviced, dummy cells are inserted to fill the queue. When the input circuit determines that the queue 314 a is full, processing proceeds to step 718. At step 718, the cells are transposed, by the transposer 316, into a set of parallel cells. The cells are then routed to the intermediate layer 120 in parallel. This is accomplished, as shown in FIG. 8, where the cell C1 is sent to intermediate circuit 124 a, the cell C2 is sent to intermediate circuit 124 b and the cell CN is sent to intermediate circuit 124 n.

[0038] In step 720, the cells are received by the intermediate layer circuits 124 a-124 n and each respective sorter circuit 412 decodes the cell headers and determines that the cells are destined for output port 132 a. The selector circuit 412 stores the respective cells in the input queue 314 a. For example, selector circuit 412 a receives and decodes cell C1 and places cell C1 in buffer 414 a. The cells are then buffered in parallel as shown in FIG. 8 until they make their way to the output terminals 416 of the intermediate circuits. Observe that the cells are now distributed across a set of intermediate circuits 124. However, in each intermediate circuit, they are stored in a buffer 414 corresponding to the output port to which the cells are destined. In this example, the cells are stored in the first buffer of each intermediate circuit 124.

[0039] In step 722, the cells C1-CN are sent to the output layer. Specifically, they are sent to the output circuit 134 a because the cells are destined for output port 132 a. In step 724, the cells are received by the output layer circuit 134 a. The cells are received in parallel and the transposer circuit 512 transposes the cells and stores them in the N-deep queue 514. In step 726, the cells C1-CN are sent out the output port 132 a and the switch function is complete.

[0040] This procedure continues for the other cells as shown in FIG. 9, which is a data diagram showing data cells as sent to the intermediate layers for each master frame in a round robin technique. In such a technique, all the circuits receive a frame clock in addition to a system clock. Additionally, the circuits are instructed at initialization as to which time slot to use since the assignment of the time slots is arbitrary and can even be assigned based on any identified fault conditions. The round robin technique is an adequate arbitration technique although other techniques may also be used in accordance with the invention.

[0041] The operation of the invention is more fully appreciated with an additional example. FIG. 10 illustrates a switch 100 with an input layer 110, an intermediate layer 120, and an output layer 130, where each layer 110, 120, and 130 has N=3 circuits. In this example, nine cells (C1-C9) are processed. Observe in FIG. 10 that input layer circuit 114 a receives cells C1, C2, and C3. The header of each of these cells indicates that each cell should be routed to a first output port 132 a. Accordingly, the sorter 312 a places the cells in a first queue 314 a, which corresponds to the first output port 132 a. In a similar manner, the input layer circuit 114 b receives cells C4, C5, and C6. The header of each of these cells indicates that each cell should be routed to a second output port 132. Accordingly, the sorter 312 b places the cells in the second queue 314 b, which corresponds to the second output port 132 b. The cells C7, C8 and C9 are processed by input layer circuit 114 c in an analogous manner.

[0042] Once a queue 314 of the input layer circuit is full, in this example when three cells arrive, the cells are distributed in parallel to the intermediate layer, as discussed above in connection with the transposer 316. FIG. 10 illustrates cells C1, C2, and C3 being routed in parallel. FIG. 10 also illustrates the remaining cells C4-C9 being routed in parallel to the intermediate layer 120. This results in the intermediate layer 120 storing cells destined for each output port. For example, intermediate layer circuit 124 a stores cell C1 destined for the first output port 132 a in a first queue 414 a. Cell C4, destined for the second output port 132 b is stored in the second queue 414 b, while cell C7, destined for the third output port 132 c is stored in the third queue 414 c. The cells stored by intermediate layer circuit 124 a were received by three different input layer circuits and will be routed to three different output layer circuits. Thus, this example helps illustrate the load balancing operation performed by the intermediate layer 120.

[0043] Each intermediate layer circuit delivers cells to the output layer 130 as the cells arrive. Thus, FIG. 10 illustrates that intermediate layer circuit 124 a sends cell C1 to output layer circuit 134 a, cell C4 is sent to output layer circuit 134 b and cell C7 is sent to output layer circuit 134 c. Similarly, intermediate layer circuit 124 b sends cell C2 to output layer circuit 134 a, cell C5 is sent to output layer circuit 134 b and cell C8 is sent to output layer circuit 134 c. Each output layer circuit 134 receives cells in parallel and loads them into a queue 514, as shown in FIG. 10. Queue 514 a of output layer circuit 134 a stores the cells C1, C2 and C3 destined for output port 132 a. Queue 514 b of output layer circuit 134 b stores the cells C4, C5 and C6 destined for output port 132 b. Finally, queue 514 c of output layer circuit 134 c stores the cells C7, C8 and C9 destined for output ports 132 c.

[0044] The operation of the invention has now been fully described; attention presently turns to a discussion of various features and benefits associated with the invention. The invention achieves flow control through back-pressure feedback. Back-pressure feedback relies upon downstream conditions (e.g., a blocked queue at an output port) to alter a data header of an upstream cell (e.g., the data header for a cell at the input layer 110). The subsequent flow of the upstream cell is then processed in accordance with the downstream information. This technique is more fully appreciated in connection with FIG. 11.

[0045]FIG. 11 illustrates the switch 100 of the invention in a slightly different form. In FIG. 11, the input layer circuits 114 a-114 n of the input layer are distributed across a set of port cards 1100 a-1100 n. The port cards 1100 a-1100 n also include the output layer circuits 134 a-134 n. In this configuration, a port card, say port card 1100 a, has an input layer circuit 114 a and a corresponding output layer circuit 134 a. Electrical leads 1110 between an input layer circuit 114 a and a corresponding output layer circuit 134 a allow information to be conveniently passed between the output layer and the input layer.

[0046]FIG. 11 also illustrates a set of prior art line cards 1102 a-1102N connected to the port cards 1100 a-1100 n. Each line card 1102 includes an ingress queue 1104 and an egress queue 1106.

[0047] The circuit topology of FIG. 11 allows for the output layer to relay information back to the input layer regarding conditions in the switch 100. For example, the output layer can count the depth of each of its queues and provide a signal to the input layer identifying which of its queues are above a threshold congestion position. This signal can be generated by the scheduler 520 associated with each output layer circuit 134. This back-pressure signal can be handled within the switch. For example, the signal can be received by the scheduler 320 of an input layer circuit 114. In this example, the scheduler 320 instructs the sorter 312 to toggle a ready bit in the cell header. In this way, the ready bit can be used to convey inter-layer flow control information. Alternately, the back-pressure signal can be sent to one or more line cards 1102. In this embodiment, one or more line cards respond to the signal by only releasing high priority data destined for the output port experiencing congestion.

[0048] There are many variations on the foregoing technique. For example, when the free cell pointer of output module 134 a is running low, the output module 134 a can signal all of the intermediate layer circuits 124 a-124 n to stop sending traffic to the output module 134 a. This can be done with a one bit signal applied to the input layer circuit 114 a on the same port card 1100 a. The input module circuit 114 a responds to the one bit signal by de-asserting the ready bit in all cells departing for the intermediate layer circuits 124. The intermediate layer can identify the congested output module by observing which input layer circuit 114 a is de-asserting the ready bit. Based upon this information, the intermediate layer stops transmitting cells to the congested output module 134 a.

[0049] The switch of the invention can also be configured to support various levels of quality of service (QoS). Quality of service is a noteworthy aspect of the invention since some forms of data (e.g., voice) frequently take priority over other forms of data (e.g., e-mail). In one embodiment of the invention, the cell header includes an attribute to assign the cell to a particular priority level. In such a case, a QoS attribute would be present in the header, as shown in FIG. 2. If the priority is high, then the cell is processed through the switch 100 in an expeditious manner. One way this can be accomplished is by selecting queues 314 at the input layer 110 that meet a particular threshold. For example, suppose a queue has a number j of high priority cells, in view of this number of high priority cells, the cells of the queue are released, even if the queue is not full. This expedites the processing of high priority cells. This may not be the most efficient way to handle the cells, but there is a trade-off between handling the high priority cells versus maximizing the performance of the switch. This is particularly true when a majority of the cells are low priority cells. In such a case, the lost performance may be negligible, while the enjoyment of the sound or video quality to the user is maintained.

[0050] Other techniques may also be used to implement quality of service provisions. For example, the intermediate layer 120 can count the depth of each of its queues 414 and report to the output layer 130 which of its queues are above a threshold position. The intermediate layer could also report quality of service parameters for the queued data. This can be a factor in generating a back-pressure signal that can be handled at other layers of the switch or sent to the line cards 1102. The line card would respond to the signal by sending only high priority data through the switch destined for the output port experiencing congestion.

[0051] The architecture of the invention results in fault-tolerant operation. Observe that the input layer 110 includes a set of input layer circuits 114, the intermediate layer 120 includes a set of intermediate layer circuits 124, and the output layer 130 includes a set of output layer circuits 134. This architectural redundancy results in distributed processing without a critical central failing point. In the case of the failure of a component of the invention, there is a degradation in performance, but not a catastrophic failure. For example, in the case of the failure of an intermediate layer circuit, there are still N−1 intermediate layer circuits available to process traffic.

[0052] Fault tolerance is incorporated into the switch using a number of techniques. For example, the line cards can have primary and secondary contacts to the input layer. Referring to FIG. 11, line card 1102 a can be configured to include contacts to input port card 1100 a and an adjacent input port card (e.g., input port card 1100 b, which is not shown for the sake of simplicity). If one set of contacts fail, the line card transfers data cells to the secondary contact. This feature provides fault tolerance at the input layer 110.

[0053] When the failure is in the intermediate layer 120, the input queues in the input circuits can be reduced (e.g. to N−1) and the failed intermediate layer circuit can thereby be avoided, as previously indicated. Since N is an arbitrary number, the reduction in the available intermediate layer circuits can be handled gracefully by reducing the input queue depth by one on-the-fly without an interruption in packet processing. Finally, when the failure is in the output circuit, the output port can be flagged as disabled and the cells are routed to a different output port and the router adjusts its routing functions to accommodate the failure. In each of these cases, the performance is simply degraded and flagged, but does not result in overall switch failure.

[0054] The examples of the invention provided up to this point have been directed toward unicast packet communication. A unicast packet has one source and one destination. The switch 100 can also be used to implement multicast packet communication. In multicast packet communication, a packet has one source and multiple destinations.

[0055] Multicast packet communication can be implemented with cell header information. For example, the cell header can include a bit map specifying a set of destinations for a single cell. Preferably, the input layer circuits 114 identify whether an incoming cell is a multicast cell. The input layer circuits 114 would typically assign a relatively low priority to multicast cells. At the intermediate layer 120, each intermediate layer circuit 124 a is preferably configured to read the cell header for multicast attributes, replicate cells and store them in multiple buffers 414. This operation can be implemented with the sorter 312 and scheduler 320. This causes the replicated cells to be sent to multiple output circuits 134, resulting in a multicast message. In one embodiment of the invention, each output layer circuit 134 is configured to make copies of multicast cells where required for multiple egress line cards. This operation can be implemented using the sorter 412 and scheduler 420.

[0056] The switch 100 is also configurable to support Time-Division Multiplexed (TDM) and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or other protocol traffic. That is, the switch 100 can be configured to switch and route digital telephony signals, which cannot be delayed (i.e., they must be processed with a very high priority within the switch). For example, in one embodiment of the invention, a particular output layer circuit, say 134 a, is devoted to carrying TDM traffic. This output layer circuit has a corresponding dedicated intermediate layer circuit, say 124 a, to instantaneously route traffic to the output layer circuit. If the designated output layer circuit and intermediate layer circuits are underutilized, they can be used to carry best efforts traffic. Alternately, the intermediate layer 120 can be time-divided to carry TDM traffic.

[0057] In the exemplary embodiment, the intermediate layer 120 operates without timing signals between the individual intermediate layer circuits 124. Instead, the intermediate layer circuits 124 are initialized to a synchronized state. In particular, a training sequence is applied to each of the input layer circuits 114. The training sequence arrives within a window of time bounded by a link skew signal and a synchronization skew signal. The intermediate layer 120 then waits until the training sequence is received from the input layer circuits 114. The bias points for the different buffers 414 are then noted and are subsequently utilized as cells are received in normal operation. The bias point data insures that the intermediate layer circuits operate in an identical state.

[0058] The parallel-shared memory output queue architecture of the invention has a number of benefits. For example, the invention has a large aggregate bandwidth, yet can be implemented with relatively low chip counts, which results in lower cost and power consumption. The relatively simple design of the invention avoids a centralized arbiter mechanism or other type of complicated scheduler.

[0059] Those skilled in the art will recognize any number of variations on the base architecture described in this document. For example, the input layer circuits may be implemented to include a number of queues 314 for each destination port. Each queue can then be assigned a different priority to receive traffic with a corresponding priority. Similarly, each output layer circuit can include a set of output layer queues associated with different channels and classes of services.

[0060] The invention has been described including the best mode known of practicing the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that modifications can be make to the invention while remaining within the claims defined below. 

In the claims:
 1. A network switch, comprising: an input layer including N input layer circuits, each input layer circuit including an input layer circuit input port and N queues corresponding to N output terminals; an intermediate layer including N intermediate layer circuits, each intermediate layer circuit including N buffers positioned between N intermediate layer circuit input terminals and N intermediate layer circuit output terminals; and an output layer including N output layer circuits, each output layer circuit having N output layer circuit input terminals and an output layer circuit output port, said N output layer circuit input terminals corresponding to individual intermediate layer circuit output terminals of said N intermediate layer circuits.
 2. The network switch of claim 1, wherein each input layer circuit includes: a sorting circuit to route incoming cells to one of N destinations, each destination of said N destinations having a corresponding queue within said input layer circuit; and a transposer circuit coupled to said N queues and said N output terminals, said transposer circuit being configured to transpose cells stored in said N queues for delivery to said N output terminals.
 3. The network switch of claim 1, wherein each intermediate layer circuit includes: a sorting circuit to route incoming cells to said N buffers, said N buffers thereafter delivering said incoming cells to said N intermediate layer circuit output terminals.
 4. The network switch of claim 1, wherein each output layer circuit includes: a transposer circuit coupled to said N output layer circuit input terminals, said transposer circuit being configured to transpose data cells received at said N output layer circuit input terminals; and an output layer circuit queue coupled to said transposer circuit and said output layer circuit output port.
 5. The network switch of claim 1, wherein: said output layer includes an output layer circuit configured to generate a back-pressure signal representative of the status of said output layer circuit; and said input layer includes an input layer circuit configured to be responsive to said back-pressure signal by selectively inserting flow control information into a data cell.
 6. The network switch of claim 1, wherein: said intermediate layer is configured to identify a multicast demand signal in a cell and thereafter replicate said cell to produce a multicast signal.
 7. A network switch, comprising: an input layer to receive a data stream including a set of cells, each cell including data and a header to designate a destination device, said input layer including a set of input layer circuits, a selected input layer circuit of said set of input layer circuits receiving said data stream, said selected input layer circuit including a set of queues corresponding to a set of destination devices, said selected input layer circuit being configured to assign a selected cell from said data stream to a selected queue of said set of queues, said selected queue corresponding to a selected destination device specified by said header of said selected cell; an intermediate layer including a set of intermediate layer circuits, each intermediate layer circuit including a set of buffers corresponding to said set of destination devices, a selected intermediate layer circuit of said set of intermediate layer circuits receiving said selected cell and assigning said selected cell to a selected buffer corresponding to said selected destination device; and an output layer including a set of output layer circuits corresponding to said set of destination devices, a selected output layer circuit of said set of output layer circuits storing said selected cell prior to routing said selected cell to a selected output layer circuit output node.
 8. The network switch of claim 7 wherein said selected output layer circuit includes circuitry to generate a flow control warning signal for application to said selected input layer circuit.
 9. The network switch of claim 7 further comprising a line card connected to said selected input layer circuit, wherein said selected output layer circuit includes circuitry to generate a flow control warning signal for application to said line card.
 10. The network switch of claim 9 wherein said line card delivers only high priority cells to said input layer circuit in response to said flow control warning signal.
 11. The network switch of claim 7 wherein said selected output layer circuit includes circuitry to produce a flow control warning signal in response to output layer congestion, said flow control warning signal being applied to said input layer, which produces a flow halt signal within a cell header, said intermediate layer including circuitry to identify said flow halt signal and alter the delivery of cells to said output layer.
 12. The network switch of claim 7 wherein said input layer includes circuitry to identify cell priority values within cell headers.
 13. The network switch of claim 12 wherein said input layer alters delivery of cells in response to said cell priority values.
 14. The network switch of claim 7 wherein said input layer is operative in a normal mode to deliver data cells to each of said intermediate layer circuits and is alternately operative in a fault mode to deliver cells to a subset of said intermediate layer circuits that remain operative.
 15. The network switch of claim 7 wherein said intermediate layer is operative in a normal mode to deliver data cells to each of said output layer circuits and is alternately operative in a fault mode to deliver cells to a subset of said set of output layer circuits that remain operative.
 16. The network switch of claim 7 wherein said intermediate layer includes multicast circuitry to identify a multicast command signal within a multicast cell and replicate said multicast cell in response to said multicast command signal.
 17. The network switch of claim 7 wherein said intermediate layer circuit includes a first set of buffers to process high priority traffic and a second set of buffers to process best effort traffic.
 18. The network switch of claim 17 wherein said output layer includes a first set of output layer circuits to process said high priority traffic and a second set of output layer circuits to process said best effort traffic.
 19. The network switch of claim 7 wherein said intermediate layer processes cells without communicating between said intermediate layer circuits.
 20. The network switch of claim 7 wherein said set of intermediate layer circuits process cells in accordance with a link skew value and synchronization skew value.
 21. The network switch of claim 7 wherein said input layer, said intermediate layer, and said output layer are formed on a single semiconductor substrate, said network switch being configurable to enable a first region of said single semiconductor substrate selected from said input layer, said intermediate layer and said output layer, while disabling two regions of said single semiconductor substrate selected from said input layer, said intermediate layer and said output layer.
 22. A network switch, comprising: an input layer including N input circuits each coupled to an input port and having N buffers therein corresponding to N output terminals; an intermediate layer including N intermediate circuits each having N input terminals and N output terminals, where the first output terminal of each input circuit is coupled to the first intermediate circuit and the Nth output terminal of each input circuit is coupled to the Kth intermediate circuit, where K={1, 2, . . . N}; and an output layer including N output circuits each having N input terminals and an output port, where the first output terminal of each intermediate circuit is coupled to the first output circuit and the Nth output terminal of each intermediate circuit is coupled to the Lth output circuit, where L={1, 2, . . . N}.
 23. The network switch of claim 22, wherein each input circuit includes: a sorting circuit coupled to the input port and configured to sort incoming data cells by destination; N queues coupled to the sorting circuit and configured to store a plurality of data cells; and a transposer circuit coupled to the N queues and the N output terminals and configured to transpose the cells stored in a selected queue and to selectively communicate the cells to the N output terminals.
 24. The network switch of claim 22, wherein each intermediate circuit includes: a sorting circuit coupled to the input terminals and configured to sort incoming data cells by destination; N buffers coupled to the sorting circuit and configured to store a plurality of data cells; and Wherein the N buffers are respectively coupled to the N output terminals and configured to selectively communicate the cells to the N output terminals.
 25. The network switch of claim 22, wherein each output circuit includes: a transposer circuit coupled to the N input terminals and configured to transpose data cells received on the N input terminals; and a queue coupled to the transposer and the output port and configured to selectively communicate the cells to the output port.
 26. A network switch, comprising: an input layer including N input layer circuits, each input layer circuit including an input layer circuit input port and N queues corresponding to N output terminals; an intermediate layer including N intermediate layer circuits, each intermediate layer circuit including N buffers positioned between N intermediate layer circuit input terminals and N intermediate layer circuit output terminals; and an output layer including N output layer circuits, each output layer circuit having N output layer circuit input terminals and an output layer circuit output port, said N output layer circuit input terminals corresponding to individual intermediate layer circuit output terminals of said N intermediate layer circuits; wherein said input layer, said intermediate layer, and said output layer are formed on a single semiconductor substrate, said network switch being configurable to enable a first region of said single semiconductor substrate selected from said input layer, said intermediate layer and said output layer, while disabling two regions of said single semiconductor substrate selected from said input layer, said intermediate layer and said output layer.
 27. The network switch of claim 26, wherein each input layer circuit includes: a sorting circuit to route incoming cells to one of N destinations, each destination of said N destinations having a corresponding queue within said input layer circuit; and a transposer circuit coupled to said N queues and said N output terminals, said transposer circuit being configured to transpose cells stored in said N queues for delivery to said N output terminals.
 28. The network switch of claim 26, wherein each intermediate layer circuit includes: a sorting circuit to route incoming cells to said N buffers, said N buffers thereafter delivering said incoming cells to said N intermediate layer circuit output terminals.
 29. The network switch of claim 26, wherein each output layer circuit includes: a transposer circuit coupled to said N output layer circuit input terminals, said transposer circuit being configured to transpose data cells received at said N output layer circuit input terminals; and an output layer circuit queue coupled to said transposer circuit and said output layer circuit output port.
 30. A network switch, comprising: an input layer including N input layer circuits, each input layer circuit including: an input layer circuit input port and N queues corresponding to N output terminals, a sorting circuit to route incoming cells to one of N destinations, each destination of said N destinations having a corresponding queue within said input layer circuit, and a transposer circuit coupled to said N queues and said N output terminals, said transposer circuit being configured to transpose cells stored in said N queues for delivery to said N output terminals.
 31. The network switch of claim 30, wherein said transposer circuit transposes said cells stored in said N queues for parallel delivery to said N output terminals.
 32. The network switch of claim 30 further comprising an intermediate layer including N intermediate layer circuits, each intermediate layer circuit including N buffers positioned between N intermediate layer circuit input terminals and N intermediate layer circuit output terminals.
 33. The network switch of claim 32 further comprising an output layer including N output layer circuits, each output layer circuit having N output layer circuit input terminals and an output layer circuit output port, said N output layer circuit input terminals corresponding to individual intermediate layer circuit output terminals of said N intermediate layer circuits.
 34. A network switch, comprising: an intermediate layer including N intermediate layer circuits, each intermediate layer circuit including N buffers positioned between N intermediate layer circuit input terminals and N intermediate layer circuit output terminals, said N intermediate layer circuits asynchronously receiving cells at said intermediate layer circuit input terminals and asynchronously delivering cells to said intermediate layer circuit output terminals.
 35. The network switch of claim 34 wherein each intermediate layer circuit includes a sorting circuit to route incoming cells to said N buffers, said N buffers thereafter delivering said incoming cells to said N intermediate layer circuit output terminals.
 36. A network switch, comprising: an output layer including N output layer circuits, each output layer circuit having N output layer circuit input terminals and an output layer circuit output port, each output layer circuit asynchronously receiving cells at said N output layer circuit input terminals and producing a serial cell stream at said output layer circuit output port.
 37. The network switch of claim 36 wherein each output layer circuit includes: a transposer circuit coupled to said N output layer circuit input terminals, said transposer circuit being configured to transpose data cells received at said N output layer circuit input terminals; and an output layer circuit queue coupled to said transposer circuit and said output layer circuit output port, said output layer circuit queue producing said serial cell stream.
 38. A method of routing network traffic, comprising: receiving a data stream of cells at an input layer, each cell of said data stream of cells including data and a header to designate a destination device; routing a selected cell from said input layer to a selected intermediate layer circuit within a set of intermediate layer circuits, said routing including routing said selected cell to a specified buffer within said selected intermediate layer circuit that corresponds to said destination device of said selected cell; and delivering said selected cell from said selected intermediate layer circuit to a selected output layer circuit within a set of output layer circuits, said selected output layer circuit corresponding to said destination device of said selected cell.
 39. The method of claim 38 further comprising duplicating said selected packet when said header specifies that said selected packet is a multicast packet.
 40. The method of claim 39 wherein duplicating is performed at said selected intermediate layer circuit.
 41. The method of claim 38 wherein said routing includes routing said selected cell to a dedicated high priority traffic intermediate layer circuit when said header specifies that said selected cell has a high priority.
 42. A method of routing network traffic, said method comprising: receiving a data stream with a set of cells, each cell including data and a header to designate a destination device; assigning a selected cell of said set of cells to a selected queue of a set of queues within an input layer circuit, said selected cell specifying a selected destination device, said selected queue corresponding to said selected destination device; routing said selected cell to a selected intermediate layer circuit within a set of intermediate layer circuits, said selected intermediate layer circuit including a set of buffers corresponding to a set of destination devices, said selected intermediate layer circuit assigning said selected cell to a selected buffer of said set of buffers, said selected buffer corresponding to said selected destination device; and sending said selected cell to a selected output layer circuit within a set of output layer circuits, said selected output layer circuit corresponding said selected destination device, said selected output layer circuit storing said selected cell prior to delivering said selected cell to an output node.
 43. The method of claim 42 wherein said routing is initiated when said selected queue reaches a specified cell volume level.
 44. The method of claim 42 further comprising duplicating said selected cell when said header specifies that said selected cell is a multicast cell.
 45. The method of claim 44 wherein said duplicating is performed at said selected intermediate layer circuit.
 46. The method of claim 42 wherein said routing includes routing said selected cell to a dedicated high priority traffic intermediate layer circuit when said header specifies that said selected cell has a high priority.
 47. The method of claim 42 further comprising: generating a flow control signal at said selected output layer circuit; forming a flow control header signal within a header of an incoming data cell in response to said flow control signal; and processing said incoming data cell through said selected intermediate layer circuit and said selected output layer circuit in accordance with said flow control header signal.
 48. The method of claim 42 wherein said routing includes routing said selected cell to a selected intermediate layer circuit within a subset of intermediate layer circuits that remain operative after one or more intermediate layer circuits within an original set of intermediate layer circuits become inoperative.
 49. The method of claim 42 wherein said sending includes sending said selected cell to a selected output layer circuit within a subset of output layer circuits that remain operative after one or more output layer circuits within an original set of output layer circuits become inoperative.
 50. The method of claim 42 wherein said sending includes sending said selected data cell from said selected intermediate layer circuit without communicating timing information with other intermediate layer circuits within said set of intermediate layer circuits. 